{
 "publisher": "DroneLedger",
 "site": "https://droneincidents.com",
 "generated": "2026-10-12T23:30:21+00:00",
 "release": "20261012T233021279313-f3b24b",
 "license": {
  "name": "CC BY 4.0",
  "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "attribution": "DroneLedger (droneincidents.com)",
  "excludes": "Quoted source passages and linked articles remain the copyright of their publishers; they are included as short quotations for verification. Fonts (SIL OFL) and map data (Natural Earth, public domain) keep their own terms. City and region names in automatically published dossiers are checked against GeoNames (geonames.org, CC BY 4.0). Drone drawings and animations are schematic illustrations of a type, not evidence about any incident."
 },
 "evidenceNote": "Each dossier separates three claims: drone presence, impact and attribution, each with its own evidence state and supporting sources. 'reported' means a source describes the claim without sufficient identification evidence; claims by parties to a conflict are never 'confirmed' on their own. Counts reflect dossiers in this curated archive, not all incidents worldwide.",
 "howToCite": "Cite the dossier URL and revision, e.g. DroneLedger, “Coalition reports incoming drones and cruise missiles over Saudi Arabia after weekend airport strikes”, dossier saudi-airports-weekend-attacks-2026-10-12, revision 7, updated 2026-10-12. https://droneincidents.com/incident/saudi-airports-weekend-attacks-2026-10-12/",
 "incident": {
  "id": "tudun-biri-drone-strike-2023-12-03",
  "title": "Nigerian military drone strike kills villagers at a religious gathering in Tudun Biri, Kaduna state",
  "place": "Tudun Biri village, Igabi area, Kaduna state",
  "country": "Nigeria",
  "countryCode": "NG",
  "date": "2023-12-03",
  "dateKind": "event",
  "scope": "single",
  "category": "conflict",
  "droneStatus": "confirmed",
  "impactStatus": "confirmed",
  "attributionStatus": "claimed",
  "lat": 10.5,
  "lon": 7.4,
  "locationPrecision": "region",
  "summary": "A drone strike on the night of Sunday 3 December 2023 hit villagers gathered in Tudun Biri, in Kaduna state's Igabi area, to mark the Prophet Muhammad's birthday. Kaduna's governor said civilians were mistakenly killed by a drone targeting terrorists and bandits, and the army division commander was quoted as saying a routine army mission inadvertently affected community members. The president ordered an investigation.",
  "impact": "The National Emergency Management Agency said 85 bodies had been buried while the search continued. Amnesty International's Nigeria office said 120 people were killed, citing its workers and volunteers; VOA reported at least 87 killed and at least 60 injured. Dozens of wounded were evacuated for treatment.",
  "evidence": "Kaduna state officials and the army division commander, as quoted in a state ministry statement, described a mistaken drone strike during an army operation. The Nigerian Air Force said it carried out no operations in Kaduna that night and noted it is not the only force operating armed drones. Defence officials later said terrorists had embedded themselves in the village, which the governor criticised.",
  "unknown": "The final death toll (85 buried per the emergency agency, at least 87 per later reporting, 120 per Amnesty), the circumstances of the targeting error, and the findings of the presidential investigation. A Nigerian army spokesperson had not responded to requests for comment in the first reports.",
  "attribution": "The head of the army division in Kaduna was quoted by the state government as saying the army was on a routine mission against terrorists and inadvertently affected members of the community, and the governor described a drone targeting terrorists and bandits. The air force said it did not operate in Kaduna that night. Amnesty International accused authorities of putting out contradictory explanations.",
  "sources": [
   {
    "label": "Al Jazeera: Nigerian military drone attack kills 85 civilians in error",
    "url": "https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/5/nigerian-military-drone-attack-kills-85-civilians-in-error",
    "published": "2023-12-05",
    "family": "kaduna-state-government"
   },
   {
    "label": "Voice of America: Varying Accounts of Nigerian Village Bombing Spark Debate About Cover-up",
    "url": "https://www.voanews.com/a/varying-accounts-of-nigerian-village-bombing-spark-debate-about-cover-up/7390190.html",
    "published": "2023-12-08",
    "family": "amnesty-international"
   }
  ],
  "timeline": [
   {
    "date": "2023-12-03",
    "text": "A drone strike hit residents of Tudun Biri who had gathered to observe the Prophet Muhammad's birthday.",
    "source": 0
   },
   {
    "date": "2023-12-04",
    "text": "The head of the army division in Kaduna was quoted by the state government as saying the operation was a routine mission that inadvertently affected community members.",
    "source": 0
   },
   {
    "date": "2023-12-05",
    "text": "The president ordered a thorough investigation; the emergency management agency said 85 bodies had been buried, and Amnesty International's Nigeria office said 120 were killed.",
    "source": 0
   },
   {
    "date": "2023-12-08",
    "text": "Defence officials said terrorists had embedded themselves in the village, which the governor criticised; Amnesty International accused authorities of trying to cover up the atrocity.",
    "source": 1
   }
  ],
  "droneStatusSources": [
   0,
   1
  ],
  "impactStatusSources": [
   0,
   1
  ],
  "attributionSources": [
   0,
   1
  ],
  "droneTypes": [],
  "claims": [
   {
    "id": "impact-nema",
    "axis": "impact",
    "statement": "The National Emergency Management Agency said 85 bodies had been buried while the search was ongoing.",
    "quote": "85 dead bodies have so far been buried while search is still ongoing",
    "claimant": "National Emergency Management Agency",
    "originId": "nema-2023-12-05",
    "relay": "relayed",
    "assessment": "supports",
    "note": "Official figure on the day; later reporting by VOA gives at least 87 killed.",
    "sourceIndex": 0,
    "quoteCheckedAt": "2026-10-12"
   },
   {
    "id": "impact-amnesty",
    "axis": "impact",
    "statement": "Amnesty International's Nigeria office said 120 people were killed.",
    "quote": "Amnesty International’s Nigeria office said 120 people were killed in the attack, citing reports of its workers and volunteers in the area",
    "claimant": "Amnesty International Nigeria",
    "originId": "amnesty-nigeria-2023-12-05",
    "relay": "relayed",
    "assessment": "supports",
    "note": "A higher toll than the official burial count; based on the organisation's own workers and volunteers.",
    "sourceIndex": 0,
    "quoteCheckedAt": "2026-10-12"
   },
   {
    "id": "drone-governor",
    "axis": "drone",
    "statement": "The governor of Kaduna said civilians were mistakenly killed and wounded by a drone targeting terrorists and bandits.",
    "quote": "said civilians were “mistakenly killed and many others were wounded” by a drone “targeting terrorists and bandits”",
    "claimant": "Governor of Kaduna state",
    "originId": "kaduna-governor-2023-12-05",
    "relay": "relayed",
    "assessment": "supports",
    "note": "State government statement confirming a drone and the mistaken targeting.",
    "sourceIndex": 0,
    "quoteCheckedAt": "2026-10-12"
   },
   {
    "id": "attr-army",
    "axis": "attribution",
    "statement": "The army division head was quoted as saying the army's routine mission against terrorists inadvertently affected members of the community.",
    "quote": "The Nigerian army was on a routine mission against terrorists but inadvertently [its actions] affected members of the community",
    "claimant": "Head of the army division in Kaduna, quoted by the Kaduna State Ministry of Internal Security",
    "originId": "army-division-statement-2023-12-04",
    "relay": "relayed",
    "assessment": "supports",
    "note": "A state statement quoting the army, not a statement issued directly by the army; an army spokesperson had not commented in the first reports.",
    "sourceIndex": 0,
    "quoteCheckedAt": "2026-10-12"
   },
   {
    "id": "attr-air-force",
    "axis": "attribution",
    "statement": "The Nigerian Air Force said it carried out no operations in Kaduna that night and is not the only force operating armed drones.",
    "quote": "it did not carry out any operations in Kaduna on Sunday night but that it is not the only one “operating combat armed drones” in the region",
    "claimant": "Nigerian Air Force",
    "originId": "nigerian-air-force-2023-12-05",
    "relay": "relayed",
    "assessment": "context",
    "note": "Rules out one branch but not other operators of armed drones.",
    "sourceIndex": 0,
    "quoteCheckedAt": "2026-10-12"
   },
   {
    "id": "context-terrorists",
    "axis": "context",
    "statement": "The governor criticised defence officials who said terrorists had embedded themselves in the village.",
    "quote": "The governor of Nigeria's Kaduna state criticized Nigerian defense officials Friday after they said terrorists had embedded themselves in the village that was hit by a drone strike Sunday, killing at least 87 people.",
    "claimant": "Voice of America",
    "originId": "voa-2023-12-08",
    "relay": "direct",
    "assessment": "context",
    "note": "Shows a dispute between state and federal accounts over why the village was targeted.",
    "sourceIndex": 1,
    "quoteCheckedAt": "2026-10-12"
   },
   {
    "id": "context-cover-up",
    "axis": "context",
    "statement": "Amnesty International accused authorities of trying to cover up the atrocity by putting out contradictory explanations.",
    "quote": "Amnesty International accused authorities of trying to cover up human rights atrocities by putting out contradictory explanations.",
    "claimant": "Voice of America, reporting Amnesty International",
    "originId": "amnesty-cover-up-2023-12-08",
    "relay": "relayed",
    "assessment": "context",
    "note": "An allegation by a rights group, not an established finding.",
    "sourceIndex": 1,
    "quoteCheckedAt": "2026-10-12"
   }
  ],
  "review": "editor",
  "checkedAt": "2026-10-12",
  "autoCheckedAt": null,
  "updatedAt": "2026-10-12",
  "revision": 1,
  "corroboration": "curated",
  "labels": {
   "category": "Armed conflict strike",
   "droneStatus": "Confirmed",
   "impactStatus": "Confirmed",
   "attributionStatus": "Claimed by a party (not independently verified)"
  },
  "url": "https://droneincidents.com/incident/tudun-biri-drone-strike-2023-12-03/",
  "citation": "DroneLedger, “Nigerian military drone strike kills villagers at a religious gathering in Tudun Biri, Kaduna state”, dossier tudun-biri-drone-strike-2023-12-03, revision 1, updated 2026-10-12. https://droneincidents.com/incident/tudun-biri-drone-strike-2023-12-03/",
  "history": [
   {
    "revision": 1,
    "date": "2026-10-12",
    "at": "2026-10-12T21:00:44.164+00:00",
    "note": "Curated dossier created after checking the cited sources line by line."
   }
  ]
 }
}