{
 "publisher": "DroneLedger",
 "site": "https://droneincidents.com",
 "generated": "2026-10-17T02:28:59+00:00",
 "release": "20261017T022859475468-8c8796",
 "license": {
  "name": "CC BY 4.0",
  "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "attribution": "DroneLedger (droneincidents.com)",
  "excludes": "Quoted source passages and linked articles remain the copyright of their publishers; they are included as short quotations for verification. Linked media and satellite images remain the rights holders' property; no image or video licence is granted by this dataset. Fonts (SIL OFL) and map data (Natural Earth, public domain) keep their own terms. City and region names in automatically published dossiers are checked against GeoNames (geonames.org, CC BY 4.0). Drone drawings and animations are schematic illustrations of a type, not evidence about any incident."
 },
 "assessmentNote": "DroneLedger assessment, not a finding. Editorial likelihood bands, not calibrated statistical confidence intervals. Unknown has no numeric probability. Outcomes are attributed reports; no totals or inference of intent from a hit.",
 "assessmentScale": {
  "version": "di-estimative-v1",
  "levels": {
   "almost_certain": {
    "low": 95,
    "high": 99
   },
   "very_likely": {
    "low": 80,
    "high": 95
   },
   "likely": {
    "low": 55,
    "high": 80
   },
   "roughly_even_chance": {
    "low": 45,
    "high": 55
   },
   "unlikely": {
    "low": 20,
    "high": 45
   },
   "very_unlikely": {
    "low": 5,
    "high": 20
   },
   "almost_no_chance": {
    "low": 1,
    "high": 5
   },
   "unknown": {
    "low": null,
    "high": null
   }
  }
 },
 "evidenceNote": "Each dossier separates three claims: drone presence, impact and attribution, each with its own evidence state and supporting sources. 'reported' means a source describes the claim without sufficient identification evidence; claims by parties to a conflict are never 'confirmed' on their own. Counts reflect dossiers in this curated archive, not all incidents worldwide. windowStart/windowEnd are reporting-window calendar bounds, not individual event days; legacy date remains the compatibility/sorting date for such records.",
 "locationNote": "lat/lon are the dossier's own approximate coordinates (see locationPrecision) and are empty when the incident location is unknown. referencePoint {lat, lon, level, name} is a display reference only: a fixed point in the named city (GeoNames), region (its administrative seat), sea or country (Natural Earth label point), derived at build time. It is not a geolocation, not an estimate of the incident location and may change when the dossier's place becomes more precise: reference point; incident location unknown.",
 "detailsNote": "media, operationalEffects, followUp and archiveEntity are editorial, source-indexed additions. Media is publisher-link only, has its own evidence status and never establishes drone presence or attribution. Debunked original-media links are removed; archived revisions omit media references. archivePattern is computed from mapped published event records at generated time, not a worldwide incident count. Null asOf means not established; publication time is not substituted.",
 "dataset": {
  "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.23345422",
  "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23345422",
  "note": "Citable weekly snapshot (CSV + JSON) archived on Zenodo; this DOI always resolves to the latest version."
 },
 "howToCite": "Cite the dossier URL and revision, e.g. DroneLedger, “Drone report in Kyiv, Ukraine”, dossier auto-ua-2026-10-17-595b0ef7cb, revision 2, updated 2026-10-17. https://droneincidents.com/incident/auto-ua-2026-10-17-595b0ef7cb/",
 "incident": {
  "id": "moscow-city-drone-incident-2023-08-01",
  "title": "Repeat drone incident reported at Moscow City on 1 August",
  "place": "Moscow",
  "country": "Russia",
  "countryCode": "RU",
  "date": "2023-08-01",
  "dateKind": "event",
  "scope": "single",
  "category": "conflict",
  "droneStatus": "reported",
  "impactStatus": "reported",
  "attributionStatus": "suspected",
  "lat": 55.8,
  "lon": 37.6,
  "locationPrecision": "region",
  "summary": "A further drone incident damaged a Moscow City office tower on 1 August 2023, two days after the July incident.",
  "impact": "Building facade damage was reported. The damage extent and injury situation are not independently assessed here.",
  "evidence": "The Moscow Times adds its own resident and worker interviews. Meduza relays the mayor and Defense Ministry. Both share official drone claims. Meduza uses the night of July 31; its Tuesday reference and the later Wednesday account identify 1 August.",
  "unknown": "No drone model, exact count or authenticated footage is supplied. The marker represents Moscow, not an exact building position.",
  "attribution": "Russian officials blamed Ukraine; operator responsibility is not independently established here.",
  "sources": [
   {
    "label": "The Moscow Times: follow-up reporting and interviews",
    "url": "https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2023/08/02/i-feel-calm-few-in-moscow-bat-an-eye-as-drones-crash-into-capitals-skyscrapers-a82020",
    "published": "2023-08-02",
    "family": "the-moscow-times"
   },
   {
    "label": "Meduza: repeat Moscow City incident on Tuesday",
    "url": "https://meduza.io/en/feature/2023/08/01/where-are-the-famous-russian-air-defenses",
    "published": "2023-08-01",
    "family": "meduza"
   }
  ],
  "timeline": [
   {
    "date": "2023-08-01",
    "text": "Repeat drone incident and building damage reported at Moscow City.",
    "source": 1
   }
  ],
  "droneStatusSources": [
   0,
   1
  ],
  "impactStatusSources": [
   0,
   1
  ],
  "attributionSources": [
   0,
   1
  ],
  "droneTypes": [],
  "claims": [
   {
    "id": "repeat-drone-incident",
    "axis": "drone",
    "statement": "Published account of the drone incident.",
    "quote": "for the second time in three days Tuesday",
    "claimant": "The Moscow Times reporting",
    "originId": "mt-moscowcity-followup-20230802",
    "relay": "direct",
    "assessment": "supports",
    "note": "Published source account; no independent video authentication by Codex.",
    "sourceIndex": 0,
    "quoteCheckedAt": "2026-10-17",
    "quoteTranslation": {}
   },
   {
    "id": "repeat-building-impact",
    "axis": "impact",
    "statement": "Published account of building damage.",
    "quote": "One drone crashed into the same tower in Moscow City",
    "claimant": "Meduza reporting of Russian official account",
    "originId": "moscow-mayor-20230801",
    "relay": "relayed",
    "assessment": "supports",
    "note": "Published source account; no independent video authentication by Codex.",
    "sourceIndex": 1,
    "quoteCheckedAt": "2026-10-17",
    "quoteTranslation": {}
   }
  ],
  "review": "editor",
  "checkedAt": "2026-10-16",
  "autoCheckedAt": null,
  "updatedAt": "2026-10-17",
  "revision": 1,
  "series": [],
  "windowStart": null,
  "windowEnd": null,
  "windowBasis": null,
  "assessment": null,
  "outcome": [],
  "assessment_scale_version": null,
  "assessment_operator_subject": null,
  "assessment_operator_level": null,
  "assessment_operator_range_low": null,
  "assessment_operator_range_high": null,
  "assessment_target_subject": null,
  "assessment_target_level": null,
  "assessment_target_range_low": null,
  "assessment_target_range_high": null,
  "assessment_droneType_subject": null,
  "assessment_droneType_level": null,
  "assessment_droneType_range_low": null,
  "assessment_droneType_range_high": null,
  "media": [],
  "operationalEffects": [],
  "followUp": [],
  "archiveEntity": {
   "key": "moscow-city-business-district",
   "kind": "infrastructure",
   "label": "Moscow City business district",
   "sourceIndex": 0
  },
  "namedLocation": null,
  "publisherMedia": [],
  "reportTiming": null,
  "archivePattern": {
   "asOf": "2026-10-17T02:28:59+00:00",
   "entityKey": "moscow-city-business-district",
   "windows": [
    {
     "days": 30,
     "records": [
      {
       "id": "moscow-city-drone-incident-2023-07-30",
       "date": "2023-07-30",
       "revision": 1,
       "droneStatus": "reported"
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "days": 90,
     "records": [
      {
       "id": "moscow-city-drone-incident-2023-07-30",
       "date": "2023-07-30",
       "revision": 1,
       "droneStatus": "reported"
      }
     ]
    }
   ],
   "note": "Only published archive records with an editorial entity mapping; unassigned records excluded. Not all real-world incidents or a common cause. No same-day matching."
  },
  "impactReports": [],
  "corroboration": "curated",
  "interceptionReported": {
   "evidenceState": "reported",
   "note": "Official aggregate claims, not independently verified kills. Parts are included only when explicitly sourced and sum to the reported total. Catalogue countermeasures are not incident evidence.",
   "counts": []
  },
  "referencePoint": null,
  "labels": {
   "category": "Armed conflict",
   "droneStatus": "Reported",
   "impactStatus": "Reported",
   "attributionStatus": "Suspected"
  },
  "url": "https://droneincidents.com/incident/moscow-city-drone-incident-2023-08-01/",
  "citation": "DroneLedger, “Repeat drone incident reported at Moscow City on 1 August”, dossier moscow-city-drone-incident-2023-08-01, revision 1, updated 2026-10-17. https://droneincidents.com/incident/moscow-city-drone-incident-2023-08-01/",
  "history": [
   {
    "revision": 1,
    "date": "2026-10-17",
    "at": "2026-10-17T00:58:50.946+00:00",
    "note": "Curated dossier created after checking the cited sources line by line."
   }
  ]
 }
}