{
 "publisher": "DroneLedger",
 "site": "https://droneincidents.com",
 "generated": "2026-11-09T01:25:46+00:00",
 "release": "20261109T012549059456-d62088",
 "license": {
  "name": "CC BY 4.0",
  "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "attribution": "DroneLedger (droneincidents.com)",
  "excludes": "Quoted source passages and linked articles remain the copyright of their publishers; they are included as short quotations for verification. Linked media and satellite images remain the rights holders' property; no image or video licence is granted by this dataset. Fonts (SIL OFL) and map data (Natural Earth, public domain) keep their own terms. City and region names in automatically published dossiers are checked against GeoNames (geonames.org, CC BY 4.0). Drone drawings and animations are schematic illustrations of a type, not evidence about any incident."
 },
 "assessmentNote": "DroneLedger assessment, not a finding. Editorial likelihood bands, not calibrated statistical confidence intervals. Unknown has no numeric probability. Outcomes are attributed reports; no totals or inference of intent from a hit.",
 "assessmentScale": {
  "version": "di-estimative-v1",
  "levels": {
   "almost_certain": {
    "low": 95,
    "high": 99
   },
   "very_likely": {
    "low": 80,
    "high": 95
   },
   "likely": {
    "low": 55,
    "high": 80
   },
   "roughly_even_chance": {
    "low": 45,
    "high": 55
   },
   "unlikely": {
    "low": 20,
    "high": 45
   },
   "very_unlikely": {
    "low": 5,
    "high": 20
   },
   "almost_no_chance": {
    "low": 1,
    "high": 5
   },
   "unknown": {
    "low": null,
    "high": null
   }
  }
 },
 "evidenceNote": "Each dossier separates three claims: drone presence, impact and attribution, each with its own evidence state and supporting sources. 'reported' means a source describes the claim without sufficient identification evidence; claims by parties to a conflict are never 'confirmed' on their own. Counts reflect dossiers in this curated archive, not all incidents worldwide. windowStart/windowEnd are reporting-window calendar bounds, not individual event days; legacy date remains the compatibility/sorting date for such records.",
 "locationNote": "lat/lon are the dossier's own approximate coordinates (see locationPrecision) and are empty when the incident location is unknown. referencePoint {lat, lon, level, name} is a display reference only: a fixed point in the named city (GeoNames), region (its administrative seat), sea or country (Natural Earth label point), derived at build time. It is not a geolocation, not an estimate of the incident location and may change when the dossier's place becomes more precise: reference point; incident location unknown.",
 "detailsNote": "media, followUp and archiveEntity are editorial, source-indexed additions. operationalEffects may also contain AI-assisted source-checked additions identified by autoEnrichments, with the dossier remaining review=auto. autoEnrichments preserves the literal quote, speaker, source publication cutoff and check provenance; a quote match is not editorial review or independent confirmation. Media is publisher-link only, has its own evidence status and never establishes drone presence or attribution. Debunked original-media links are removed; archived revisions omit media references. archivePattern is computed from mapped published event records at generated time, not a worldwide incident count. Null asOf means not established; publication time is not substituted.",
 "dataset": {
  "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.23345422",
  "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23345422",
  "relation": "series",
  "manifest": "https://droneincidents.com/data/doi-snapshots.json",
  "note": "Concept DOI identifies the archive series, not this live release or any particular dossier revision. Exact version membership is published in the DOI binding manifest."
 },
 "howToCite": "Cite the dossier URL and revision, e.g. DroneLedger, “Drone report in Khmelnytskyi region, Ukraine”, dossier auto-ua-2026-11-08-8759f317de, revision 2, updated 2026-11-08. https://droneincidents.com/incident/auto-ua-2026-11-08-8759f317de/",
 "incident": {
  "id": "moscow-airports-2026-10-09",
  "title": "Moscow airports halt flights amid reported drone and balloon raid",
  "place": "Moscow airports (Domodedovo, Sheremetyevo, Vnukovo, Zhukovsky)",
  "country": "Russia",
  "countryCode": "RU",
  "date": "2026-10-09",
  "dateKind": "event",
  "scope": "single",
  "category": "airport",
  "droneStatus": "reported",
  "impactStatus": "reported",
  "attributionStatus": "suspected",
  "lat": 55.75,
  "lon": 37.62,
  "locationPrecision": "region",
  "summary": "Domodedovo, Sheremetyevo, Vnukovo and Zhukovsky airports temporarily halted operations on 9 October as suspected Ukrainian drones and balloons entered the airspace around Moscow, according to The Kyiv Independent. Moscow's mayor said air defences repelled an attack by 15 drones.",
  "impact": "The four airports halted operations, disrupting flights and causing long delays; RIA Novosti reported that Domodedovo, Vnukovo and Zhukovsky had reopened by 17:42 Moscow time. At least one Russian government aircraft was reportedly diverted to St Petersburg, according to Flightradar24 data.",
  "evidence": "The figure of 15 drones comes from Moscow mayor Sergei Sobyanin, an official of a party to the war. Reports of balloons come from Russian and Ukrainian Telegram channels and the Russian outlet BAZA and are not verified in the cited source.",
  "unknown": "How many drones actually approached Moscow, whether any caused damage, and the full extent of flight disruption are not established in the cited source.",
  "attribution": "Russian officials and media attribute the raid to Ukraine; the cited source describes it as an alleged Ukrainian raid. Not independently verified.",
  "sources": [
   {
    "label": "The Kyiv Independent: Russian airports closed amid alleged Ukrainian balloon and drone raid",
    "url": "https://kyivindependent.com/russian-airports-closed-amid-alleged-ukrainian-balloon-and-drone-raid/",
    "published": "2026-10-09",
    "family": "moscow-mayor"
   }
  ],
  "timeline": [
   {
    "date": "2026-10-09",
    "text": "Four Moscow airports halted operations; the mayor said 15 drones were repelled; three airports had reopened by 17:42 Moscow time.",
    "source": 0
   }
  ],
  "droneStatusSources": [
   0
  ],
  "impactStatusSources": [
   0
  ],
  "attributionSources": [
   0
  ],
  "droneTypes": [
   {
    "asReported": "drones (type not named)",
    "type": null,
    "count": 15,
    "countMetric": "intercepted",
    "sourceIndex": 0
   }
  ],
  "claims": [
   {
    "id": "operations",
    "axis": "operations",
    "statement": "Domodedovo, Sheremetyevo, Vnukovo and Zhukovsky airports halted operations.",
    "quote": "Domodedovo, Sheremetyevo, Vnukovo, and Zhukovsky airports all halted operations during the alleged Ukrainian raid",
    "claimant": "The Kyiv Independent",
    "originId": "kyivindependent-2026-10-09",
    "relay": "direct",
    "assessment": "supports",
    "note": "Reporting by the Kyiv Independent; no Russian aviation authority statement is cited.",
    "sourceIndex": 0,
    "quoteCheckedAt": "2026-10-12",
    "quoteTranslation": {}
   },
   {
    "id": "drone-sobyanin",
    "axis": "drone",
    "statement": "Moscow's mayor said air defences repelled an attack by 15 drones.",
    "quote": "repelled an attack by 15 UAVs",
    "claimant": "Sergei Sobyanin, Mayor of Moscow",
    "originId": "sobyanin-2026-10-09",
    "relay": "relayed",
    "assessment": "supports",
    "note": "Claim by an official of a party to the conflict; the basis for 'drone reported'.",
    "sourceIndex": 0,
    "quoteCheckedAt": "2026-10-12",
    "quoteTranslation": {}
   },
   {
    "id": "context-balloons",
    "axis": "context",
    "statement": "Unknown balloons were also seen; Telegram channels claimed Ukraine's military launched them.",
    "quote": "A number of unknown balloons, which both Russian and Ukrainian Telegram channels claimed were launched by the Ukrainian military, were also seen in the Russian skies",
    "claimant": "Russian and Ukrainian Telegram channels",
    "originId": "telegram-channels-2026-10-09",
    "relay": "relayed",
    "assessment": "context",
    "note": "Unverified social-media claims; not all of the disruption can be attributed to drones.",
    "sourceIndex": 0,
    "quoteCheckedAt": "2026-10-12",
    "quoteTranslation": {}
   },
   {
    "id": "operations-reopen",
    "axis": "operations",
    "statement": "RIA Novosti reported that Domodedovo, Vnukovo and Zhukovsky had reopened by 17:42 Moscow time.",
    "quote": "Russian wire service RIA Novosti reported that Domodedovo, Vnukovo, and Zhukovsky airports had reopened",
    "claimant": "RIA Novosti",
    "originId": "ria-2026-10-09",
    "relay": "relayed",
    "assessment": "supports",
    "note": "Gives the duration of the disruption.",
    "sourceIndex": 0,
    "quoteCheckedAt": "2026-10-12",
    "quoteTranslation": {}
   }
  ],
  "review": "editor",
  "checkedAt": "2026-10-15",
  "autoCheckedAt": null,
  "updatedAt": "2026-10-15",
  "revision": 4,
  "citationMetadata": {
   "maker": "DroneLedger editorial team",
   "title": "Moscow airports halt flights amid reported drone and balloon raid",
   "id": "moscow-airports-2026-10-09",
   "kind": "incident",
   "version": 4,
   "language": "en",
   "release": "20261102T055221362217-c8d330",
   "date": "2026-10-15",
   "accessed": "2026-11-09",
   "url": "https://droneincidents.com/incident/moscow-airports-2026-10-09/v4/",
   "fileUrl": "https://droneincidents.com/data/citations/incident/moscow-airports-2026-10-09/r4/addc82daacd0b743b7d84a2140c1cab1d1eb77138ee8e32bb8ba4750e04ca6bd/data.json",
   "sha256": "addc82daacd0b743b7d84a2140c1cab1d1eb77138ee8e32bb8ba4750e04ca6bd",
   "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.23877662",
   "doiStatus": "archived",
   "manifestUrl": "/data/doi-snapshots.json",
   "archiveFileSha256": "86b5d3da50d3745ffff8bad9bb4fd3cb69f27f6594421588b0254ec13f4622be"
  },
  "series": [],
  "windowStart": null,
  "windowEnd": null,
  "windowBasis": null,
  "assessment": {
   "operator": {
    "against": "This revision has one source article, mixes drones with unverified balloon reports, and does not independently identify the operator of each object.",
    "claimIds": [
     "drone-sobyanin"
    ],
    "entityReviewed": true,
    "for": "The existing checked mayoral claim describes a drone attack during a war involving cross-border Ukrainian strikes.",
    "level": "unknown",
    "reviewedAt": "2026-10-15",
    "sourceIndices": [
     0
    ],
    "subject": null,
    "subjectKind": null,
    "unknown": "The airport interruption is established separately from drone authorship. Additional reporting shares official origins; it is not new launcher evidence."
   },
   "scaleVersion": "di-estimative-v1",
   "target": null
  },
  "outcome": [],
  "assessment_scale_version": "di-estimative-v1",
  "assessment_operator_subject": null,
  "assessment_operator_level": "unknown",
  "assessment_operator_range_low": null,
  "assessment_operator_range_high": null,
  "assessment_target_subject": null,
  "assessment_target_level": null,
  "assessment_target_range_low": null,
  "assessment_target_range_high": null,
  "assessment_droneType_subject": null,
  "assessment_droneType_level": null,
  "assessment_droneType_range_low": null,
  "assessment_droneType_range_high": null,
  "media": [],
  "operationalEffects": [],
  "followUp": [],
  "archiveEntity": null,
  "namedLocation": null,
  "publisherMedia": [],
  "reportTiming": null,
  "archivePattern": null,
  "impactReports": [],
  "autoEnrichments": [],
  "eventFacts": [],
  "corroboration": "curated",
  "interceptionReported": {
   "evidenceState": "reported",
   "note": "Official aggregate claims, not independently verified kills. Parts are included only when explicitly sourced and sum to the reported total. Catalogue countermeasures are not incident evidence.",
   "counts": []
  },
  "referencePoint": null,
  "labels": {
   "category": "Airport disruption",
   "droneStatus": "Reported",
   "impactStatus": "Reported",
   "attributionStatus": "Suspected"
  },
  "url": "https://droneincidents.com/incident/moscow-airports-2026-10-09/",
  "citation": "DroneLedger, “Moscow airports halt flights amid reported drone and balloon raid”, dossier moscow-airports-2026-10-09, revision 4, updated 2026-10-15. https://droneincidents.com/incident/moscow-airports-2026-10-09/",
  "history": [
   {
    "revision": 4,
    "date": "2026-10-15",
    "at": "2026-10-15T12:29:17.229+00:00",
    "note": "Added a DroneLedger assessment of who launched the drones and, where the sources allow it, a sourced outcome line. An assessment is an editorial judgment, not a finding."
   },
   {
    "revision": 3,
    "date": "2026-10-12",
    "at": "2026-10-12T18:54:08.644+00:00",
    "note": "Added claim-level evidence: each key claim with its source passage, original source and assessment; passages checked word for word against the sources."
   },
   {
    "revision": 2,
    "date": "2026-10-12",
    "at": "2026-10-12T15:47:10.854+00:00",
    "note": "Added drone types and numbers as named by the cited sources, and background on documented drone types of the attributed party."
   },
   {
    "revision": 1,
    "date": "2026-10-12",
    "at": "2026-10-12T14:44:11.775+00:00",
    "note": "Curated dossier created after checking the cited sources line by line."
   }
  ],
  "costIllustrations": {
   "note": "Illustrative multiplication per claim: reported count x published third-party unit-cost estimate. Not an estimate of attack cost, materiel lost or damage. Rows are never summed: they may describe the same drones (launched/intercepted/impacted) or come from different claimants. 'Intercepted' does not necessarily mean destroyed. The linkage and arithmetic are DroneLedger's; unit-cost figures carry wide uncertainty.",
   "rows": [
    {
     "asReported": "drones (type not named)",
     "type": null,
     "count": 15,
     "countMetric": "intercepted",
     "sourceIndex": 0,
     "unitCostUsd": null,
     "illustrativeProductUsd": null,
     "notComputedBecause": [
      "type not in catalogue"
     ]
    }
   ]
  }
 }
}